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Material Requirements for Precision Machining of Mechanical Components

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2022-03-31

Not all materials are suitable for precision machining of mechanical components. Some materials are excessively hard—exceeding the hardness limits of the machining equipment—which can lead to tool breakage or component damage. Therefore, such materials are generally unsuitable for precision machining, unless the components are made from specialized materials or are fabricated using laser cutting.

　　Not all materials are suitable for precision machining of mechanical components. Some materials are excessively hard—exceeding the hardness limits of the machining equipment—which can lead to tool breakage or component damage. Therefore, such materials are generally unsuitable for precision machining, unless the components are made from specialized materials or are fabricated using laser cutting.

　　Materials for the machining of precision mechanical components are broadly classified into two categories: metallic materials and non-metallic materials. Among metallic materials, stainless steel has the highest hardness, followed by cast iron, then copper, and finally aluminum. Machining of ceramics, plastics, and other non-metallic materials, on the other hand, falls under the category of non-metallic material machining.

　　Precision machining of mechanical components places specific requirements on material hardness. In some applications, higher material hardness is preferable; however, the material’s hardness must still meet the machining requirements—materials that are too hard cannot be machined, as they would exceed the hardness of the workpiece itself. Ideally, the material should have a moderate hardness, at least one level lower than that of the workpiece, while also taking into account the functional purpose of the component being machined to ensure appropriate material selection.

　　The machining of precision mechanical components does impose certain requirements on the materials used; not all materials are suitable for such processes. For instance, materials that are either too soft or too hard are unsuitable: the former lack the necessary strength for machining, while the latter cannot be machined at all. Therefore, it is essential to pay close attention to the material’s density before commencing machining.

　　If the material density is too high, it is equivalent to very high hardness; and if the hardness exceeds that of the machine tool (lathe cutting tool), machining becomes impossible. Not only will the workpiece be damaged, but safety risks will also arise.

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